Enggano in Indonesia

2. Status

Status

Official country wide language
Official regional language
Official minority language
Recognised community language
Unrecognised community language

National language

No

Indigenous language

Yes

Administrative units of the country

Enggano District, Bengkulu Province

Comments

Enggano is one of local languages bahasa daerah) in Indonesia

3. State

Documentation: materials

Written

Extended corpora
Annotated corpora
Corpus/corpora
Materials/corpus
Some materials
No materials

divider

Video

Extended corpora
Annotated corpora
Corpus/corpora
Materials/corpus
Some materials
No materials

divider

Audio

Extended corpora
Annotated corpora
Corpus/corpora
Materials/corpus
Some materials
No materials

divider

Documentation: descriptions

Elaborated dictionaries, grammars, statistical language models, etc.
Dictionaries and grammars
Dictionary and grammar
Glossary and descriptions
Few descriptions
No descriptions

Standardization

Modern standard language
Young standard language
Standardised language
Quasi-standard language
Semi-standardised language
Un-standardised language

Graphisation & script encoding

Standardised writing system with full script encoding
Conventionalised writing system with partial script encoding
Consistent writing system with no script encoding
Unsystematic writing system(s)
Limited written use
No written use

4. Users

Geographical distribution

Users live and dominate in all regions of the country
Users live in one [state/...] of the country
Users live in a cross-border region [state/...] of the country
Users live in separated [states/...] of the country
Users live dispersed across one [state/...] of the country
Users live scattered all over the country

Settlements

Rural
Urban

Administrative units of the country

Enggano Regency, Bengkulu Province.

Comments

Enggano language is spoken almost in all areas of Enggano regency but other community who live in Enggano Regency mostly understand and use Enggano to be acceptanced by local community.

Size / Number of users

Number of users

1424

Source

The Enggano vitality research report conducted by the Agency of Language Development and Cultivation

Year

2014

Comments

This is the number of Enggano users in Enggano Regency. Enggano language is now only spoken in one hamlet per village.

Users within total population

Less than 1% use the language

Users within the reference community

More than 50% use the language

Actual percentage

59

Source

Enggano speakers are generally bilingual or multilingual. The number of language speakers compared to the total population is 59.19% or 1424 of 2406 people. Enggano speakers tend to use the this language for intra-ethnic communication only.

Year

2014

Comments

The Enggano vitality research report conducted by the Agency of Language Development and Cultivation

Age distribution of users

590

percentage of members of young generations (< 15)

Source

Badan Pusat Statistik: Kecamatan Enggano dalam Angka 2020

Year

2020

Comments

This number is based on the total population in Enggano District by Badan Pusat Statistik 2019. Not all of this number are natives of Enggano, but there are also immigrant communities from Bugis, Java, Padang, Batak, and Sundanese.

Age distribution of users

2,500

percentage of members of young generations (< 15)

Source

Badan Pusat Statistik: Kecamatan Enggano dalam Angka 2020

Year

2020

Comments

This number is based on the total population in Enggano District by Badan Pusat Statistik 2019. Not all of this number are natives of Enggano, but there are also immigrant communities from Bugis, Java, Padang, Batak, and Sundanese.

Age distribution of users

244

percentage of members of older generations (> 65)

Source

Badan Pusat Statistik: Kecamatan Enggano dalam Angka 2020

Year

2020

Comments

This number is based on the total population in Enggano District by Badan Pusat Statistik 2019. Not all of this number are natives of Enggano, but there are also immigrant communities from Bugis, Java, Padang, Batak, and Sundanese.

Generational use

0

Limited to middle and older generations

Comments

The use of the Enggano language in the Enggano ethnic family has narrowed. The Enggano language is only used for intra-ethnic communication. Full use is only limited to traditional ceremonies. Children who attending school in Bengkulu tend not to use the Enggano language when they return.

Educational attainment

Early childhood education

Primary education

Lower secondary education

Higher secondary education

Tertiary education

Occupational qualifications

Elementary occupations

Plant and machine operators and assemblers

Craft and related trades workers

Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers

Services and sales workers

Clerical support workers

Technicians and associate professionals

Professionals

Managers

Language competence

Language not used

Understand little, speak/sign none

Understand some, speak/sign little

Understand well, speak/sign some

Understand all, speak/sign well

Understand all, speak/sign fluently

Literacy of users

Less than 1% of users with literacy in the language

Digital use

No digital language use

5. Use

Socio-geographic dimension

Geographic scope

International
Supranational
Cross-border (states)
State-wide
Supra-regional cross-border
Supra-regional
Regional cross-border
Regional
Local

Source

The Enggano vitality research report conducted by the Agency of Language Development and Cultivation

Comments

Kaana, Malakoni, Apoho, and Meok village of Enggano regency, Bengkulu Province.
In Malakoni, Apoho, and Meok village, the Enggano people are the majority ethnic group so that daily conversations use the Enggano language, while in Kaana Village, which is close to the port, the Enggano language is different from the original language.

Economic dimension

Comments

The Enggano community is a bilingual society. Most of the population speaks two languages, namely Enggano and Bengkulu Malay or Indonesian. Enggano is not used in intellectual activities, service industry, and manufacturing of finished goods. The use of the Enggano language is limited to the realm of the family and traditional ceremonies. So, the Enggano language is not used in the socio-economic aspect because it is considered not to provide benefits.

Functional dimension

Functional scope

Public domains
Everyday domains
Private domains

Nature

exclusive

Stability

Decreasing

Comments

The use of the Enggano language in the Enggano ethnic family has narrowed. The Enggano language is only used for intra-ethnic communication. Full use is only limited to traditional ceremonies. Children who attending school in Bengkulu tend not to use the Enggano language when they return.

Functional scope

Public domains
Everyday domains
Private domains

Nature

equal

Stability

Decreasing

Comments

The use of the Enggano language is limited to the realm of the family, traditional ceremonies, and only used for intra-ethnic communication. Enggano speaker use Enggano and Indonesia in daily activities.

Functional scope

Public domains
Everyday domains
Private domains

Functional use in administration

Language use in administration

International level
National level
Regional level
Local level
Auxiliary use
No use

Ethnoculture

No use
Informal learning
Skills and knowledge
Performing arts
Social practices
Customary law
Traditional medicine
Knowledge and practices
Traditions and expressions

Formal Education

Early childhood education

Primary level

Lower secondary level

Higher secondary level

Tertiary level

Public healthcare

Information, communication and cultural production

Digital sphere

Legal system

Language use in the legal system

General use
Legal transactions
Court proceedings
Written submissions
Spoken/signed testimonies
Language not used

Comments

Presidential Regulation No. 63 of 2019 states that the Indonesian language must be used in official communication in government and private work environments. This regulation implies that the language used in government administration is Indonesian so that the Enggano language is not used in administration level.

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